Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine did not fundamentally change the nature of the Kremlin’s hybrid warfare against the West, but it dramatically intensified its scale,
France increasingly sees Russia as a direct threat to the nation and to Europe. The public debate still features voices that dress up appeasement as
Estonia treats Russia as the principal external danger. Since 2022 hybrid pressure has escalated – sabotage, arson, cyber strikes, drone sightings – designed to unsettle
Swedes broadly see Russia as a threat to Europe, including their own country, and support for Ukraine is strong across society and all parties in
Slovakia’s view of Russia is built on mixed memories. Soviet occupation sits alongside a long-taught storyline that once cast Moscow as a partner, which helps
Hybrid pressure on Lithuania is constant: engineered migrant flows at the borders, ongoing propaganda and cyberattacks, and new drone overflights across Europe used for intimidation.
Hybrid warfare targets the quiet core of democracy: social trust. It hides in ambiguity, so success is hard to judge in real time. Drone sightings
Europe largely perceives Russia as a threat, a view reflected in polling, yet policy often lags behind rhetoric. Since the full-scale invasion of Ukraine, hybrid
Denmark treats Russia as a real and present threat. Drone incursions over Polish and Danish airspace and cyberattacks that are tracing to Russia have reinforced
Estonia and Europe face a broad, escalating hybrid campaign. In Estonia, public opinion now ranks Russia among the main threats, with information influence eroding trust